Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 22nd Edition | Developmental hemostasis: physiologic differences in coagulation system from fetus to adulthood. Neonates (especially preterm) have physiologically low levels of vitamin K-dependent factors (II, VII, IX, X), protein C, protein S, antithrombin. Fibrinogen, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and platelets are near adult levels. PT/PTT are prolonged (age-appropriate). This balance predisposes to both bleeding and thrombosis. Reference ranges vary by age.
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