Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 22nd Edition | Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by female phlebotomine sand flies. Clinical forms: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, kala-azar) — fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, pancytopenia, weight loss (fatal if untreated). Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) — skin ulcers (Oriental sore). Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) — destructive mucosal lesions. Treatment: liposomal amphotericin B (visceral), miltefosine (oral), or antimonials. Prevention: insect repellent, bed nets, reservoir control.
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