Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms | Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 22nd Edition | Cardiac (heart failure, shunt, pulmonary hypertension), Neurologic (aspiration, hypoventilation), GI (GERD, liver disease), Rheumatologic (SLE, JIA, vasculitis), Immunodeficiency, Hematologic (sickle cell), and Endocrine disorders causing respiratory symptoms.
🌐 paeds.online — Pakistan's Pediatric Platform| System | Disorder | Respiratory Manifestation | Key Diagnostic Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac | CHF, L→R shunt | Tachypnea, crackles, pulmonary edema | Echocardiogram, BNP |
| Neurologic | Neuromuscular disease | Hypoventilation, atelectasis, aspiration | MIP/MEP, sleep study, swallow study |
| GI | GERD, liver disease | Chronic cough, asthma mimics, hepatopulmonary syndrome | pH-impedance, LFTs, contrast echocardiography |
| Rheumatologic | SLE, JIA, vasculitis | Pleuritis, ILD, pulmonary hemorrhage | ANA, ANCA, anti-dsDNA, CT chest |
| Immunodeficiency | CVID, SCID | Recurrent pneumonia, bronchiectasis | IgG/IgA/IgM, vaccine titers, flow cytometry |
| Hematologic | Sickle cell disease | Acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension | Hb electrophoresis, CXR, TTE |
| Endocrine/Metabolic | Obesity, thyroid disease | Restrictive pattern, OSA, pleural effusion | BMI, TSH, sleep study |